Want to measure how satisfied your audience is with your product and whether they are willing to recommend it? Try an **NPS survey**: it’s a quick way to get the real picture of customer perception.

In this article, we’ll explain how NPS surveys work and how to set them up quickly and effectively in your email campaigns with the help of **Pixcraft**.
## What is NPS
**Net Promoter Score** is a customer loyalty index that shows how willing your clients are to recommend your product or company to others. It allows you to measure trust and satisfaction without the need for lengthy questionnaires.

The methodology is simple: you need to ask a key question, such as “How likely are you to recommend our product to a friend or colleague?”. The customer selects a score, and based on their response, falls into one of three categories.
<br><br>
<Table>
| Category  | Description               |
| --------- | ------------------------ |
| **Promoters (score 9–10)** | Fully satisfied with the product and eager to recommend it to others. They often become unofficial brand ambassadors, sharing positive reviews and attracting new users. |
| **Passives (score 7–8)** | Neither dissatisfied nor highly enthusiastic. They like the product and continue to use it but see little reason to share their experience. If they feel that the product quality has dropped, they may easily switch to competitors. |
| **Detractors (score 0–6)** | Dissatisfied customers who face issues with the product, service, or communication. Their opinions are especially important since they are more likely to leave reviews: negative feedback directly impacts your reputation and can reveal weak points in your product or service. |
</Table>
<br><br>
The score is calculated by subtracting the percentage of Detractors from the percentage of Promoters. For example, if 50% of respondents gave a score of 9 or 10 and 20% gave a score from 0 to 6, then the NPS equals **50 – 20 = 30**. The higher the score, the more loyal your customer base is, and the more chances your business has of growing organically through recommendations.

It’s worth noting that NPS can be negative. If that happens, it’s a clear signal to immediately investigate why customers are dissatisfied and how you can fix it.
## Why Businesses Should Track NPS
NPS surveys provide more than just a general understanding of customer loyalty. They allow companies to foresee risks, identify growth opportunities, and take proactive action.

Here’s what makes NPS valuable for businesses:

- **Understanding real customer perception**. Sales numbers or website traffic don’t always reflect what customers actually think about your product. NPS shows how satisfied your audience truly is with your product.

- **Quick identification of pain points**. If the share of Detractors grows, it signals issues with service, inconvenient interfaces, or other flaws. The earlier you detect these problems, the easier it will be to fix them.

- **Customer churn reduction**. Negative experiences often remain silent. In many cases, buyers don’t voice their dissatisfaction out loud; instead, they simply stop using the product. NPS helps spot dissatisfied users early and address their concerns through service improvements, support, and incentives.

- **Boosting referral channels**. Promoters are essentially your brand advocates, often willing to sincerely recommend your product. By identifying these customers, you can nurture their enthusiasm through loyalty programs and turn word‑of‑mouth into a source of organic growth.

It’s possible to integrate NPS surveys directly into email campaigns, which provides unique advantages:

- **Faster, more precise feedback**. Emails containing NPS surveys gather responses while emotions are still fresh, right after a customer interacts with your product. This approach delivers more accurate insights without delays.

- **Tracking dynamics across the customer journey**. You can monitor how user perception of the product changes in different campaigns and identify the touchpoints where churn risk is likely to occur.

- **Segmentation and automated actions**. Scores allow you to automatically segment your audience into Promoters, Passives, and Detractors. Each category of users can then receive tailored follow‑ups, such as rewards or retention campaigns.

Keep in mind that NPS is not a one‑off survey but part of a systematic analytics process. It works effectively only when measured regularly. Seasonal trends, different audience segments, and external factors should all be considered when interpreting results.

Additionally, pay close attention to customer comments. Behind each score might be an actual problem or an insight that can help you improve the product and retain more users.
## How to Implement an NPS Survey in Pixcraft
Pixcraft offers two main approaches for creating NPS surveys: quickly embedding an AMP form directly into your email template via the visual editor, or crafting a standalone AMP component. Let’s take a closer look at both options.
### AMP Form in the Email Template
If you need to collect NPS responses quickly, it's possible to add an interactive AMP form directly to your template. This method is perfect for urgent campaigns and allows you to create a survey without extensive preparation. 

Here’s the step‑by‑step process:

- On the left-side panel, click the Plus icon and drag the Form primitive into the desired spot.

- Choose the form type. For NPS surveys, the **Radio** type works best: it allows the user to select only one option from the list.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/001_radiotype_ce020e9959.png"
alt="Radio form type"
/>

- Set up your NPS survey. Add a numeric scale or other reply options, a short question (e.g., “How likely are you to recommend us?”), and a clear call‑to‑action for the button.

- Customize the design. Adjust colors, fonts, padding, and border‑radius to make the survey form seamlessly match the look and feel of your template.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/002_readymadeform_3b131a97f6.png"
alt="Ready-made NPS-survey"
/>

### Standalone AMP Component
It’s also possible to create a standalone AMP component and embed it into an existing template. This is a convenient option if you already have an HTML email and want to enhance it with an interactive survey. Simply run the email through the [**Pixcraft HTML-to-AMP converter**](https://pixcraft.io/converter) to generate an AMP version where you can easily add an NPS form or any other interactive element.

Here’s how to create a separate AMP component in Pixcraft:

- On the My Space screen, select Components and click New Component. A window will open where you can specify the component name, description, and type.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/003_componentoptions_41de6ffc84.png"
alt="Component creation screen"
/>

- Select a form type. For NPS surveys, choose **Rating** or **Custom**. Rating instantly creates a simple numeric scale. Custom gives you a blank form to which you can add any fields you need; this is especially useful if you want to include a comment box in addition to the rating.

- Configure the form content. Add your question, rating scale, successful form submission message, and any additional fields or elements you require.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/004_formsetup_f06acdcfb0.png"
alt="Form configuration screen"
/>

- After the component is ready, hit the Save button. You’ll receive ready‑to‑use HTML (AMP) and [**TJML**](https://pixcraft.io/framework) code, which you can customize further if needed.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/005_code_b54eddf742.png"
alt="Survey form HTML code"
/>

To integrate the survey, simply insert the generated code into your email template. Also, make sure to include the ```amp-bind```, ```amp-form```, and ```amp-mustache``` scripts for the form to work correctly.

Pixcraft will only store the field values whose names match those defined in the code. Any other attributes, parameters, and layouts can be freely adjusted to fit your design.
## Sending and Processing Collected Data
When a user fills out and submits an NPS survey, all responses are automatically recorded in Pixcraft. The collected data can be:

- exported to a **CSV file** or sent to **Google Sheets** for manual analysis or integration with your analytics tools;

- sent to external systems via **webhooks** (automatic notifications triggered by events in the system).

Webhooks allow you to transmit survey results to a specified URL immediately after the user submits the form. To set them up:

- Open your form component.

- Go to the “Connection” section and enter the required URL in the “Webhook” field.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/006_webhooks_03f76bfff6.png"
alt="Webhook field"
/>

- After the user completes and submits the form, Pixcraft will generate a POST request with the form data and send it to the specified URL.

Please note that **Pixcraft does not calculate the NPS automatically**. You need to set up your own data processing logic in Excel, Google Sheets, or a BI tool to calculate the Net Promoter Score.
## Alternative Approach: HTML Version
A number of email clients, such as Microsoft Outlook and Apple Mail, do not support [**AMP emails**](https://pixcraft.io/blog/how-to-implement-amp-emails-into-your-email-strategy). To avoid losing valuable feedback, it’s important to prepare an HTML version of your email as well. In this version, an AMP form is replaced with a link, button, or image that redirects users to a web survey form when clicked.

There are a couple of solutions here. You may create a web version of the AMP email or use [**Altcraft Platform**](https://altcraft.com/) that makes it easy to host an NPS web form and automatically collect analytics. Here’s how it works:

- **Create the survey form**. In the Weblayer section, select Forms and click Create. Set up the form’s name, description, and identifier. Enable the Published toggle in order for the form to get a URL or become available as an iframe. Configure additional options, such as the final form page and the refill restriction.

- **Add the NPS survey element**. In the Constructor tab, add the NPS Survey element. Configure the title, scoring range, and the rating scale symbols. Optionally, add a comment field and make the survey mandatory for completion. Save and publish the form.

- **Place the link in the email**. Pixcraft automatically generates the HTML version of your email. Insert a visual element linking to the Altcraft web form alongside the AMP form. Set the element’s display option to Visibility → HTML. This ensures that recipients using email clients without AMP support will see the alternative link, button, or image instead.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/007_shownotshow_cb569e254a.png"
alt="Component visibility toggle in Pixcraft"
/>

- **Data collection and analytics**. Altcraft automatically collects responses and calculates the NPS score. In the form’s Analytics section, you can view the overall NPS, the distribution across Promoters, Passives, and Detractors, and the NPS dynamics over time.

## Conclusion
The sooner you integrate NPS surveys into your communications, the more opportunities you’ll uncover for understanding your audience and improving your product. With Pixcraft, setting up an NPS survey takes only a few minutes. Just ask your customers a simple question and receive valuable insights that will help your business grow.

In this article, we discuss NPS surveys: what are they, what makes them useful for businesses, and how to implement them in an email-campaign with the help of Pixcraft.

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NPS Surveys: What’s Their Purpose and How to Implement Them in Pixcraft

We're thrilled to introduce the updated Pixcraft email builder that makes creating email campaigns faster and more convenient, no matter how complex the task is. Here’s a closer look at what has been changed, what new features we’ve added, and why building emails is now easier than ever.
## Flexible Approach to Template Design
Different users have their own methods for creating emails. Some prefer to build a template from scratch and control every detail, while others prefer to rely on ready-made solutions to save time. To accommodate this, we took different workflows into account so you can get started in the format that suits you best.
### Creating Emails from Scratch
If you want full control over the process, start with a blank canvas and build the structure of your template using **primitives**: blocks and columns that include text, images, buttons, dividers, and other basic elements. Each component is highly customizable, from fonts and colors to borders, corner radius, and spacing.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/primitives_cbd64f47cd.png"
alt="Primitives"
/>

### Crafting a Template with Assets
If it’s not necessary to start from scratch, you can create a template using pre-designed **assets**: structured blocks such as product cards, banners, footers, headlines with buttons, and more. Just drag the block into your email template and adapt it to your needs.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/assets_7962583708.png"
alt="Assets"
/>

The best part is, just like with primitives, you can fully customize pre-designed assets, adding your own text, images, and other key elements.
### Ready-Made Templates for Various Campaigns
Need a head start for your project? Head over to our [**template gallery**](https://pixcraft.io/templates)! Here, you'll find dozens of options crafted for a variety of formats and occasions:
- Promotional campaigns

- Welcome emails

- Broadcast campaigns

- Recurring newsletters

<Img
img="/api/uploads/gallery_59114c7782.png"
alt="Template gallery"
/>

Templates can be easily filtered by email type, industry, or event such as Black Friday, New Year, or a product launch.
### Direct Import from Figma
For those who prefer working in Figma, we’ve added full import support via the [**Pixcraft plugin**](https://www.figma.com/community/plugin/1403763341617358835/). Now you can design your layout in Figma and transfer it directly into Pixcraft (or export it as an HTML template, as before). This allows you to retain Figma’s flexibility while gaining the convenience of a visual email builder.
## Full-Fledged Workspace
Pixcraft is more than just a tool for crafting email templates. It's a powerful working environment that provides you with creative freedom:
- Modify the layout directly on the canvas and see changes in real time.

- Customize every detail, from large sections down to the smallest elements.

- Easily drag-and-drop blocks and elements to rearrange template layout.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/placement_5e80d0e6c5.gif"
alt="Rearrangement using drag-and-drop"
/>

If you use certain elements regularly, store them in your personal elements library for quick and easy access. Here’s how to save an element:
- Select the required element. You can choose anything from a single button to a full product block.

- Click the star icon that appears above the selected element.

- The element is now stored in the library and becomes available for use in future emails.
## Unified Configuration Panel
In the Pixcraft email builder, settings for all elements are managed through the **Configuration Panel**. It is divided into several tabs:
- **Plus** — here, you can add primitives, pre-designed blocks, or saved elements to your email template.

- **Pencil** — appears when you select an element. The panel automatically switches to the settings that are relevant for this specific element, such as size and roundings for an image or font and line spacing for text. 

- **Palette (Styles)** — use this option to quickly edit multiple similar elements, like buttons or text blocks. The panel automatically groups similar elements for batch adjustments. To make element navigation smoother, use the Target icon: it appears next to a parameter when you hover over it. Simply click on it to highlight all elements that match the chosen parameter. This is a convenient option for templates containing numerous similar components that need to be updated fast.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/styles_eef136d469.gif"
alt="Viewing related items using the Traget icon"
/>

- **Link Map** — helps you manage hyperlinks in text, buttons, and images using a single, unified interface. Here, you can easily change links in all the necessary elements without having to select each of them separately. The panel displays all links in a list, helping you ensure nothing is missed. Just like in the Palette, there is also a Target icon that helps to find necessary elements quickly.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/link_map_ab327884be.png"
alt="Link map"
/>

- **Comments** — a collaboration tool for work within a single company. It allows you to leave notes on the canvas, discuss the template with colleagues and, when necessary, mark comments as resolved. The commentator's avatar and name are displayed next to the comment itself. Comments placed on an element become "pinned" to it and retain their position when the element is moved. This helps maintain the context of the discussion within the individual components of the template.

- **Settings** — here, you can set the preheader (short text that appears next to the subject line) and the email title.
## Elements Designed with Precision
A number of elements used in Pixcraft can also be found in other email builders. However, we have significantly refined them to provide a thought-out and flexible customization mechanism.
### Social Media Icons
A set of icons for popular social media platforms is provided directly in the email builder: no need to search and upload images separately. The key feature, however, is their wide customization options. In particular, it’s possible to:
- Customize the color of the background and the logo itself.

- Change the shape of icons (square or rounded).

- Adjust the size, padding, borders, and other settings.

Each social media icon can be modified separately: this allows you to create a unique and cohesive design style.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/social_icons_803b653483.png"
alt="Social media icons"
/>

### Lists
For our email builder, we’ve created a custom component that replaces the standard HTML list (```<ul>/<li>```). It’s similar to ```<ul>/<li>``` in appearance and behavior, allowing you to customize fonts, marker colors, and indents between items. At the same time, it works reliably across different email clients including Outlook (which often renders standard lists incorrectly). This eliminates the need to sacrifice visual quality for compatibility. 

<Img
img="/api/uploads/list_ab02a922a3.png"
alt="List in Pixcraft email builder"
/>

### Tables
Need to include a price list or a schedule in your email template? Simply add and customize a table:
- Show or hide borders (all borders, only the outer borders, only horizontal dividers, or no borders at all).

- Set the text alignment, column width, and indents.

- Choose the background color and font for your table.

Just as with the lists, the table remains responsive and displays correctly on a variety of desktop and mobile clients.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/table_fix_076cd327d5.png"
alt="Table in Pixcraft email builder"
/>

### AMP Components
If you want to boost the engagement of your email campaign, one effective option is to add interactivity to your email using AMP components. Currently, two such elements are available in the Pixcraft email builder:
- **Image Carousel** — suitable for presentations, product selections, or promos.

- **Data Collection Form** — great for sign-ups, feedback, or quick surveys.

And we’re just getting started! More AMP features are currently in development, including components for gamification.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/carousel_8905fd2175.gif"
alt="Carousel AMP component"
/>

## Adapted for All Devices
We understand how important it is for your content to look equally good on all devices, be it a large desktop screen or a narrow smartphone display. With this in mind, we have implemented a flexible and precise system for responsive template design in Pixcraft.

Each element can be configured separately for the desktop and mobile versions. You can decide where and how it will be displayed:
- **Simultaneously in both versions**.

- **On the desktop only** — for example, if the element is too complex for a narrow mobile device screen.

- **In mobile clients only** — for example, when you require short adapted CTAs.

To make sure that everything is designed exactly as you intended, use the **Preview** function. It is located on the left side of the canvas, right above the Configuration Panel, and allows you to see the email through the eyes of the recipient before sending.

In preview mode, you can:
- Switch between the desktop and mobile versions of the email.

- Manually adjust the screen width to see how the layout behaves at different resolutions.

- Compare how the email displays in the dark and light theme.

- Enable or disable AMP elements.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/desktop_mobile_7636ee0ca4.png"
alt="Preview mode"
/>

## Our Plans for the Future
Pixcraft continues to evolve. We are expanding the capabilities of our platform and actively working on the implementation of tools based on artificial intelligence. These tools are going to handle routine tasks, speed up workflows, and let you focus on strategy and content.

For instance, the following features have already entered development:
- **Template generation**. Simply describe what kind of email you need, and AI will create a fully designed, responsive template in a few seconds.

- **Image generation**. AI will be able to create illustrations directly in the email builder: just enter the prompt and get a ready-made image.

- **Automatic text generation**. Suitable for headings, email body, product descriptions and other elements. AI will be capable of generating text, translating the email into the required language, and checking spelling, grammar, and sentence consistency.

- **Email editing by request**. Formulate what you would like to change in the email: for example, update the structure, replace the text or correct the colors. AI will understand your request and make necessary changes to the template.
## Conclusion
The updated Pixcraft email builder is a convenient, flexible, and scalable platform created for real-world email marketing tasks. It combines:
- Manual template editing for those who value full control over the process.

- Ready-made assets and templates for a quick start.

- Responsive design with vast customization capabilities.

- Clean, intuitive interface where every feature serves the desired purpose.

In the future, thanks to AI tools ranging from template and image generation to smart editing and translation, email design will become even more advanced and convenient. Try the upgraded Pixcraft email builder today and stay tuned for upcoming features. 

In this article, we discuss the improvements and updates in the Pixcraft email builder: tools, adaptability, different approaches to creating templates, and more.

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What’s New in Pixcraft: How We Improved Our Email Builder

Cloud-based AI image generators like **Midjourney** or **DALL-E** have already become widely-used tools. They are designed for ease of use, creating illustrations based on text prompts in just a few seconds. Their operation is simplified, but customization options are limited.

However, there is an alternative solution: **Stable Diffusion**, a flexible tool that you can deploy **on your own computer** and configure it to suit your needs. In this article, we will take a look at how Stable Diffusion works, what you need to pay attention to during installation, and how to achieve relevant, high-quality results.
## What is Stable Diffusion
Stable Diffusion is AI-based software that generates images using diffusion processes. Its architecture allows for creating illustrations in a wide variety of styles, from cartoonish to photorealistic.

But how does it differ from Midjourney or DALL-E? And is it really worth trying? Here’s what makes Stable Diffusion stand out:

- **Freedom and flexibility**. Stable Diffusion gives you full control over the image generation process. You can choose among different checkpoints (generation models), experiment with sampling algorithms, and fine-tune the style and quality of images.

- **Distributed free of charge**. Stable Diffusion is an open-source project. Unlike cloud solutions, you don’t have to wait in a server queue or pay for a subscription. The only potential limitation is the hardware requirements.

- **Less copyright restrictions**. Cloud services often impose restrictions on commercial use or editing of generated images. Many Stable Diffusion models don’t have such constraints, so you are free to use the generated illustrations, provided you comply with the license terms of the specific model.
## How Does the Image Generation Work
To put it simply, Stable Diffusion creates a random set of pixels and gradually “cleans” the noise, eventually turning them into an image. Here is how it works:

**1.** First, it generates “noise” that serves as the starting point for the process.

**2.** Then the noise is “cleaned” step by step. Colors, shapes, and recognizable objects begin to appear.

**3.** With each following step, the generated image aligns more precisely with the description.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/01_shagi_ad6cb3f4fc.jpg"
alt="Step-by-step image generation example"
src="Image generation steps for the “Cat on a sofa, white and gray fur” prompt"
/>

Image generation algorithm includes several key components:

- **Text Encoder**. Converts text prompt into an **embedding** (a numeric array). The embedding serves as a code that tells the software what exactly needs to be generated.

- **U-Net**. The main component responsible for iterative “denoising.” At each step, it assesses the current version of the image and determines how it should be adjusted to better match the prompt.

- **VAE (Variational Autoencoder)**. Converts the latent representation (a compressed, abstract “draft”) into a finished image. Different VAE versions are available for Stable Diffusion: some reproduce colors and textures better while others help generate more realistic or stylized images.
## How to Deploy Stable Diffusion
Stable Diffusion requires fairly powerful hardware to run smoothly. Here are the minimum recommended specifications:

- **Graphics Card**: at least 6GB of video memory, ideally 8GB or more (for example, NVIDIA RTX 2060, RTX 3060, or newer).

- **Processor**: a modern multi-core CPU. Although the GPU handles most of the workload, the CPU prepares and loads models.

- **RAM**: starting at 8–16GB. The more, the better.

- **Disk Space**: 10–30GB free space. More is recommended to store the software, checkpoints, and the required add-ons.

### Installation
The most popular and reliable interface for running Stable Diffusion is the **AUTOMATIC1111 Web UI**. It allows users to generate images directly in the browser via a user-friendly web interface.

To run it properly, first you need to install **Python** and **git**. After that, download the current version of AUTOMATIC1111 from the official [GitHub repository](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui) and follow the step-by-step installation guide in the project documentation.
### For Users with AMD Graphics Cards
Owners of AMD graphics cards may encounter difficulties running Stable Diffusion since by default its models are optimized for **CUDA** (a parallel computing technology by NVIDIA). Although AMD offers an equivalent called **ROCm**, its official support is limited.

Still, it is possible to deploy AUTOMATIC1111 on PCs with AMD graphics cards. The simplest and most convenient way would be to use the [AMUSE](https://www.amuse-ai.com/) application. This is a graphical launcher for Windows PCs that supports various models and offers extensive settings and parameters (in professional mode).
## How to Generate Images Based on Descriptions
The core mode of Stable Diffusion is **text2img**. Here, the user provides a description and sets the desired parameters, after which the model processes the prompt and generates an image. Below are some of the key settings that influence the generation process:

- **Prompt**. Text description that Stable Diffusion follows when creating the image. Prompts must be in **English**. The best option is to use **keywords and short, simple phrases** while avoiding long, adjective-heavy sentences.

- **Negative Prompt**. Describes what Stable Diffusion should avoid when generating an image. Same rules apply here as well: for better results, use keywords or short phrases in English.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/02_prompt_ecd6283c94.jpg"
alt="Prompt and Negative Prompt placement and examples"
src="Prompt (top) and Negative Prompt (bottom) examples in AUTOMATIC1111"
/>

- **Sampling Method (Sampler)**. Algorithm that manages the step-by-step transformation of noise into an actual image. Sampler may affect style, details, generation speed, and the number of steps needed for the required outcome.

Popular options include:

**1. Euler a**. Fast and versatile, suitable for a small number of steps (20–30).

**2. DPM++ 2M**. Offers good details and stability, works well with higher step counts (30–50).

**3. Heun**. Experimental method. Slower, but sometimes produces unique textures and styles.

**4. DDIM**. Fast option to create smoother details, especially effective within the range of 25–50 steps.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/03_samplers_5f6f5f5de6.jpg"
alt="Example of images created using different samplers"
src="Images generated by different samplers for the “Portrait of a fantasy warrior, silver armor, cinematic lighting” prompt"
/>

More samplers are available in the interface. Try different options to find which of them suit you best.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/04_samplers_list_5985372f35.jpg"
alt="A list of samplers in AUTOMATIC1111"
src="A drop-down list of samplers"
/>

- **Sampling Steps**. The number of steps Stable Diffusion takes to create an image. More steps yield higher accuracy but longer generation time.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/05_steps_159265cf1e.jpg"
alt="Step-by-step image generation in AUTOMATIC1111"
src="Image generation results at different steps for the “Woman, curly hair, smiles at camera” prompt"
/>

- **CFG Scale**. Controls how strictly the model adheres to the prompt. For instance, **low values (1–3)** lead to loose interpretation and may bring abstract results. **Medium values (7–9)** offer a more balanced outcome. **High values (12+)** provide maximum adherence but may cause artifacts and unnatural details.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/06_cfg_scale_810abaa466.jpg"
alt="Images generated with different CFG values"
src="Different CFG values for the “Man in a hat, smiling, wine glass in right hand” prompt"
/>

- **Width / Height**. The resolution of the output image in pixels. For optimal quality, it’s better to adhere to the resolution which the model was trained on. For example, the default resolution for **Stable Diffusion 1.4 / 1.5** stands at **512×512**. 

- **Seed**. A number that determines the starting point from which the image is generated. When it’s set to **-1**, each result will be unique. Yet with a fixed seed and unchanged parameters, the result will be identical each time: this is useful for reproducing a specific output.

- **Script**. Allows to use additional plugins on top of the main generation process. For example, the **X/Y/Z Plot** script generates a grid of images with varying parameters (steps, samplers, checkpoints, etc.). This makes it easy to compare how different settings affect the output with the same prompt.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/07_script_508d890be3.jpg"
alt="Images generated using different checkpoints"
src="Image grid showcasing how different checkpoints handled the “Portrait of a fantasy warrior, silver armor, cinematic lighting” prompt"
/>

## Tips for Achieving High-Quality Results
Below are basic recommendations to optimize the image generation process.

- Start with the following values: **Steps ≈ 16** and **CFG = 7**. This ensures quick generation with reasonable accuracy and good prompt adherence. Note that parameter combinations are individual for each case. It’s recommended to experiment with different samplers and checkpoints to find the best balance of quality and rendering time.

- If the output doesn’t meet your expectations, try other **Sampling Methods**. Different samplers handle the same prompt differently.

- If there are deformations or unwanted elements in the image, try using **Negative Prompts**. Note that accurate result is not 100% guaranteed, especially with vague or abstract prompts.

- For **high-resolution images** (1024×1024 and above), **20–30 steps** are usually enough. Higher counts significantly increase rendering time and may cause errors.

Alternatively, generate images at their native resolution and upscale them as described below.
## How to Increase Image Size in Stable Diffusion
It’s possible to set the generated image size manually, yet large deviations from native resolution may negatively impact the outcome. In this case, the better option is to use **upscalers**: they enlarge images while minimizing quality loss. 

Here’s how they work: first, the illustration is generated at the native resolution. Next, the upscaler enlarges it and restores details. This approach makes it easier to create images suitable for printing, large layouts, or high-detail retouching.

In the AUTOMATIC1111 interface, upscaling works like this:

- **Upload the image**. Go to the **Extras** tab and either drag the generated image into the dedicated field or click on the field and select the image from a folder.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/08_field_3bd58ba4f9.jpg"
alt="Image uploading field in the Extras tab"
/>

- **Choose an upscaler**. Some of those are available by default, but you can install more if needed. This lets you choose the optimal algorithm for your goals, from minor scaling to deep texture restoration.

Notable upscalers include:

**1. Lanczos**. Simple and fast, good for small scaling (1.5x or 2x). The downside is, it doesn’t restore details but simply enlarges the image.

**2. R-ESRGAN**. Neural network upscaler that restores fine details and textures, including in photorealistic images.

**3. LDSR**. Enlarges the image while adding missing details. Useful for stylized or complex illustrations but relatively slow.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/09_upscalers_d1db0f905a.jpg"
alt="A drop-down list of upscalers"
src="Upscalers list example in AUTOMATIC1111"
/>

- **Set the scaling factor**. Specify the desired scale (e.g., 2x or 4x) and hit the “Generate” button to receive a higher-resolution image ready for further processing.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/10_upscaled_image_e1f5421ec0.jpg"
alt="Upscaled image example"
src="Example of a 2x image scaling by R-ESRGAN 4x+"
/>

## Conclusion
While Stable Diffusion requires considerable resources and attention to detail, it offers far more possibilities than cloud services. If you invest some time in setup and testing, you will get not just an AI generator but a fully customizable tool for a wide range of tasks.

Try different checkpoints and samplers, adjust every parameter, and assess the results. All this will help you master the tool faster and unlock the full potential of Stable Diffusion.

How to install and run Stable Diffusion AI image generator on your PC: instructions, core functions, and practical advice.

small_stable_diffusion_oblojka.png

thumbnail_stable_diffusion_oblojka.png

stable_diffusion_oblojka.png

Stable Diffusion: How to Deploy an AI Image Generator on Your Computer

Customers behave differently: some order frequently, others rarely, and some haven’t opened your emails in a long time.  

RFM analysis helps bring order — dividing your customer base into groups based on activity and purchase value. This way, emails become more targeted: active clients aren’t annoyed by irrelevant messages, while “dormant” ones can be re-engaged with a compelling offer.  
In this article, we’ll explain how RFM analysis works, how to set up segments, and how to use them in email campaigns to save budget and increase orders.

## What Is RFM Customer Analysis and Why Use It

RFM analysis (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) is a method that categorizes customers into groups based on three criteria: how recently they made a purchase, how frequently they buy, and how much they spend.  

RFM is used to segment customers by their activity and value to the business. It helps identify the most profitable and loyal clients, as well as those who’ve stopped buying and need extra attention. This approach makes marketing more accurate and reduces unnecessary spending.  

In email campaigns, RFM helps avoid sending the same messages to everyone. Active clients only need updates and useful content — they don’t require frequent discounts. For those who haven’t purchased in a while, you can prepare a special offer or promotion to regain their interest.  

As a result, the customer base is divided into RFM segments, each with its own communication scenario. This reduces costs on unnecessary discounts and bonuses, increases the effectiveness of email sequences, and improves targeted ad results.  
Companies see more repeat orders, better retention, and stronger loyalty — all with less waste.

## How to Conduct RFM Analysis in Email Marketing

**1. Gather the data.** Export from your CRM or database: customer ID, date of last purchase, total number of orders, and total purchase amount. If the data is spread across different tables, consolidate it into one.

**2. Calculate R, F, and M.**

- **Recency** — how much time has passed since the last purchase (in days or months).

- **Frequency** — how many orders the customer placed during a set period (e.g., over the past year).

- **Monetary** — how much money the customer spent in total over that same period. Sometimes average order value is used, but total spend gives a fuller picture of customer activity.

**3. Define the scale.** Split each metric into categories: for example, 1 = high, 3 = low. The exact thresholds depend on your business: for daily food delivery, “hasn’t ordered in a while” might mean a week; for furniture, it could mean six months. To do this, sort the data from low to high and divide it into levels — for example, groups with low, medium, and high values.

<Table>
| Metric     | What it means                  | 1 — Best Score         | 2 — Average Score       | 3 — Weak Score          |
|------------|--------------------------------|------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|
| Recency    | How recently the customer bought | Recently               | Moderate time ago        | A long time ago          |
| Frequency  | How often they buy             | Frequently              | Occasionally              | Rarely                   |
| Monetary   | How much they spend            | A lot                   | Moderate amount           | A little                 |
</Table>
<br>

**4. Assign scores to each customer.** Calculate three scores — R, F, and M. You’ll get a segment code, for example: 111 (recent purchase, buys frequently, spends a lot) or 333 (hasn't ordered in a long time, buys rarely, spends little). Typically, up to 27 combinations are used, but they can be grouped later for simplicity.

**5. Give segments clear names.** For example, 111 — “loyal and active,” 333 — “dormant,” 311 — “churned but used to spend a lot.” In email marketing, such labels immediately suggest what type of message each segment should receive.

**6. Set up email campaigns for each segment.**

- Active customers don’t need discounts — send them new arrivals and helpful content.  
- Occasional buyers — send a personal offer or reminder.  
- Dormant customers can be reactivated with a promotion or bonus.  
- Those likely to churn — send a survey or a reason to stay.

**7. Review segments regularly.** Customer behavior changes. Update your RFM scores at least once a quarter. As your database grows, you can make the scale more granular — for example, using a 5-point system instead of 3.

## RFM Segment Examples and How to Use Them

<Img
img="/api/uploads/rfm_segments_68d7bf9d56.png"
alt="RFM segments"
/>

**Loyal customers (e.g., segment 111).** This is the most reliable part of your audience — they purchased recently and spend more than others. In email campaigns, these subscribers should receive updates about new arrivals and special invitations to loyalty programs. Regular emails can include thank-you messages for their trust, holiday greetings, and bonuses for long-term loyalty.  

They don’t need frequent discounts — they’re already buying. It's better to focus on service quality and exclusive offers. It’s also helpful to occasionally ask for their feedback on products or service — loyal customers are more likely to respond and share recommendations.  

By the way, you can quickly design such emails using the [**Pixcraft**](https://pixcraft.io/) editor.


<Img
img="/api/uploads/rfm_thank_you_eafeb71ded.png"
alt="Thank you message"
/>


**Likely to Return (311).** These customers were once active or high-spending but haven’t ordered in a while. The potential for reactivation is high. An email sequence works well: start with a gentle reminder about the brand, followed by a personal promo code or gift.  If the customer typically makes high-value purchases or deals with premium products (e.g., real estate or vehicles), you can also involve a personal manager or make a phone call. It’s important not to delay reactivation — the longer the customer is inactive, the more expensive it becomes to win them back.


<Img
img="/api/uploads/rfm_reactiovation_eb36c945a5.png"
alt="Reactivation"
/>


**New and Active (211).** These customers have recently made their first or second purchase — the goal is to build the habit of buying.  
Introduce them to popular products, highlight your brand’s advantages, and offer a discount or gift for a repeat purchase.  

A survey can help collect data on their preferences and improve personalization.

**Rare but High-Spending (331).** These customers place orders infrequently but spend a lot. They don’t need mass emails — only personalized offers and exclusives. You can offer consultations, private sales, or special services. The key is to maintain their interest in the brand without overwhelming them.

**Frequent but Low-Spending (113).** These customers love the brand but buy low-cost items or place small orders. The goal is to increase their average order value. Emails with offers like “buy more — get a gift” or “free shipping over a certain amount” work well.  You can also promote bundles, upsells, and complementary products.


<Img
img="/api/uploads/rfm_upsell_email_545a68ae45.png"
alt="Get a gift email"
/>

**Dead Segment (333).** These customers haven’t purchased in a long time, spent little, and did so infrequently. It’s better not to spend budget on them — the response rate is minimal. They can occasionally be included in mass sales, but the priority should go to new and loyal groups.

## Automating RFM Analysis

**1. Spreadsheets (Excel, Google Sheets).** For small businesses or testing hypotheses, Excel is enough. You can compile order history into a table: calculate the date of last purchase, number of orders, and total spend per customer. Then use formulas or filters to assign scores: who gets “1”, “2”, or “3”.  

This data can be exported to your email platform to create basic segments right away. However, for large databases or frequent updates, this method becomes unreliable quickly.

**2. BI tools or database + script.**  If the data is stored in a database, an analyst can write an SQL query or script. This code automatically calculates Recency, Frequency, and Monetary values, assigns scores, and writes them to a separate table or directly into customer profile fields.  

The advantage: segment updates are automated and scheduled.  

The downside: it requires technical specialists. Still, it’s convenient for email campaigns — segments from the database can easily sync with your ESP or CDP for scheduled launches.

**3. CRM, CDP, and marketing platforms.** If you already use a CRM or CDP, check if built-in segmentation is available.  
For example, in [**CDP Altcraft**](https://altcraft.com), segments can be generated automatically. These segments connect directly to email campaigns, allowing you to set up automated flows for “loyal,” “new,” or “dormant” customers.  

The benefit: segments are recalculated with every new order or data change, so you don’t need to monitor updates manually.

## Limitations of the RFM Method

**1. Works only with customers who have already made purchases.** RFM won’t show which subscribers have never placed an order and won’t help identify “cold” leads. For email marketing, this means part of your list — potential customers — remains outside of RFM-based segmentation.  **Solution:** track those who haven’t purchased yet but actively open emails and click links — segment them separately and nurture with onboarding flows or first-purchase promos.

**2. Requires a sufficient customer base and order history.** If a company has only 200 customers or just launched a store, splitting them into dozens of groups is pointless — some segments will be empty. For small lists, it’s better to rely on basic triggers (welcome emails, cart reminders, reactivation) and focus on data collection. RFM becomes meaningful once you’ve reached at least 1,000 customers and several thousand orders.

**3. Static segmentation becomes outdated quickly.** RFM shows which segment a customer belongs to *right now*, but behavior changes fast. Someone who was active six months ago may not even open emails today. If segments aren’t updated automatically, emails start going to the wrong people. **Solution:** use automated calculations in a CDP.

**4. Only considers three factors.** In reality, subscriber behavior is influenced by many other things: seasonality, product type, sales channel. RFM doesn’t account for these. For example, a customer might order rarely not because they lost interest, but because the product is purchased once a year. For email marketing, this matters — such segments don’t need “Discount! Come back!” emails.  **Solution:** enrich RFM with additional attributes — e.g., preferences from surveys or engagement data (which emails they open most often).

**5. Doesn’t predict future behavior.** RFM is about the past. It shows who *was* active or dormant, but doesn’t estimate how much a customer will spend tomorrow or whether they’ll leave for a competitor.

### How to Expand RFM Analysis for Email Marketing

RFM covers basic segmentation needs, but in email marketing, that’s often not enough. To make segments even more precise, it's common to combine RFM with other approaches.

**LTV Prediction.** One approach is to combine RFM with Lifetime Value (LTV) prediction models. This way, segments show not only who is loyal now, but also how much value a customer is expected to bring in the future.  For example, you can calculate the expected LTV for both “loyal” and “dormant” customers separately and set up different email flows: retention messages for some, and more aggressive promotional campaigns for others — if the return justifies the cost.

**Behavioral Metrics.** RFM only accounts for purchases, but in email marketing, overall engagement is also important: who opens emails, clicks links, or visits the website. This data can be combined with RFM. For example, a customer may be making frequent purchases but hasn’t opened an email in a while — that’s a signal to send a personalized reminder or even make a call, especially if it’s a high-value B2B client.

**Composite Segments and Advanced Models.** RFM is often enhanced with ABC analysis — this identifies which products or categories generate the most revenue. It helps build effective cross-sell campaigns: offering “loyal” customers exactly the products they’re most likely to buy.

## Conclusion

RFM analysis is one of the most reliable ways to segment your customer base based on actual behavior.  
In email marketing, it forms the foundation for targeted strategies: active customers receive updates and personalized offers, while “dormant” ones are re-engaged with promos and reminders.  

To keep segments accurate, it’s best to automate the calculations and enrich them with additional data.  
This approach makes email performance more predictable and drives more repeat sales — without unnecessary expenses.

How to segment your audience with RFM analysis, reduce email marketing costs, and boost campaign performance.

small_rfm-analysis.png

thumbnail_rfm-analysis.png

rfm-analysis.png

RFM Analysis for Email Marketing: How to Cut Costs

Email marketing remains one of the most effective tools in a marketer’s toolkit. But with growing scrutiny around data privacy and enforcement of global regulations — including the U.S. CAN-SPAM Act, California’s CPRA, the EU’s GDPR, and Canada’s CASL — the risks of non-compliance are higher than ever.

In this article, we’ll explain how to properly collect email addresses and obtain valid consent, what legal requirements marketers need to be aware of in 2025, and how to build compliant email campaigns that keep both your subscribers and regulators satisfied.

## What Laws Must You Follow to Avoid Fines

To legally send marketing emails, you must follow both U.S. laws and, if you have an international audience, also comply with regulations in other countries.

### United States ([CAN-SPAM Act](https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/can-spam-act-compliance-guide-business))

In the U.S., prior consent (opt-in) is not legally required. The CAN-SPAM Act allows commercial emails as long as they meet the following requirements:

- Accurate sender identification;
- Clear indication if the message is promotional;
- A valid physical mailing address;
- A clear and working unsubscribe link;
- Prompt processing of opt-out requests.

### California ([CPRA](https://thecpra.org/))

The California Privacy Rights Act treats email addresses as personal information. It does not require opt-in consent for email marketing, but it does require businesses to disclose how data will be used and to allow users to opt out of data sharing.

### European Union ([GDPR](https://gdpr.eu/) and [PECR](https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/direct-marketing-and-privacy-and-electronic-communications/guide-to-pecr/what-are-pecr/))

In the EU, email marketing is tightly regulated under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR). These laws require prior, explicit, and verifiable opt-in consent. Pre-checked boxes are not valid. Businesses must log consent details and provide a simple way to withdraw consent. Fines can reach €20 million or 4% of annual global revenue.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/consent_checkbox_1bcbf0b937.png"
alt="Consent checkbox"
/>

### Canada ([CASL](https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/canada-anti-spam-legislation/en))

Canada’s Anti-Spam Law requires express consent for most marketing emails. Organizations must clearly state the purpose of the message, identify themselves, include an unsubscribe link, and retain proof of consent. Penalties can be up to 10 million Canadian dollars per violation.

## What Counts as a Violation When Collecting Email Addresses

A violation occurs when email addresses are collected or used without clear, informed, and verifiable consent. Many international laws require explicit consent, and failure to comply may lead to serious penalties. Common violations include:

**1. Sending emails without consent.** This includes messages sent to contacts from purchased lists, scraped websites, or any database where recipients did not knowingly opt in. Under GDPR, CASL, and PECR, this is considered unlawful. Even in the U.S., where opt-in is not required, you must provide an opt-out and identify yourself clearly. Failure to do so may result in complaints and enforcement actions.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/email_consent_ece13eb0dd.png"
alt="Consent to getting emails"
/>

**2. Using pre-checked or unclear consent boxes.** Consent must be active, informed, and freely given. Under laws like the GDPR and CASL, pre-ticked boxes, vague phrases like "I agree to receive updates" (without further context), or hidden consent mechanisms do not meet legal standards. These practices are easy to challenge and may render parts of your email list non-compliant.

**3. Collecting email addresses indirectly without notice.** If you obtain someone's email through a third party or public source, laws in Europe and some U.S. states (like California's CPRA) may require you to notify the person before contacting them. You must explain where their address came from, why you are emailing them, and how they can opt out.

**4. Buying or trading email lists.** This is one of the most high-risk practices. Under GDPR, CASL, and many privacy laws, you cannot use third-party lists unless you can prove that each recipient gave informed, specific consent to receive messages from your organization. Even if the seller claims the users agreed, the responsibility to verify consent falls on you.

## What Penalties You Can Face for Violations

Violating email marketing and data privacy regulations can lead to serious financial and legal consequences, depending on the region. Below are the most relevant laws and typical enforcement practices in the United States, the European Union, and Canada.

### Penalties under the CAN-SPAM Act (United States)

The CAN-SPAM Act does not require prior consent to send marketing emails, but it does establish specific compliance requirements. These include accurate sender identification, a clear way to opt out, a valid physical address, and timely processing of unsubscribe requests.
Each violation can result in civil penalties of up to $51,744, as determined by the [**Federal Trade Commission (FTC)**](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/02/ftc-publishes-inflation-adjusted-civil-penalty-amounts-2025). In practice, fines are assessed based on the nature, scope, and duration of non-compliance. Repeated or willful violations may trigger additional enforcement actions, such as court orders or mandatory compliance audits. Company executives may also be held personally liable in severe or intentional cases.

### Penalties under U.S. State Privacy Laws (California, Colorado, Virginia)

State-level laws, particularly the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), impose additional obligations regarding how personal information—such as email addresses—is collected, stored, and used. These laws focus on transparency, data minimization, and consumer rights.
Penalties can reach up to $2,500 per violation, or $7,500 per intentional violation. Each affected individual is counted separately, meaning a single non-compliant campaign could lead to cumulative fines if sent to many users within a covered jurisdiction.

### Enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Aside from the CAN-SPAM Act, the FTC can also act under general consumer protection laws. It may pursue enforcement in cases of deceptive or unfair practices, including misleading subscription flows, hidden data sharing, or failure to honor user preferences. FTC actions can result in monetary penalties, mandatory corrective actions, and ongoing regulatory oversight.

### Penalties under the GDPR (European Union)

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies to any organization that processes personal data of EU residents, regardless of where the business is located. GDPR requires prior, explicit, and informed consent for sending marketing emails.
Violations of GDPR can result in administrative fines of up to €20 million or 4% of the company’s global annual revenue, whichever is higher. Enforcement is managed by national data protection authorities and often includes investigations, warnings, and formal corrective measures.

### Penalties under CASL (Canada)

Canada’s Anti-Spam Law (CASL) requires express consent for most forms of commercial electronic communication. Businesses must clearly identify themselves, explain the purpose of the message, provide an unsubscribe mechanism, and retain evidence of consent.
Fines under CASL can reach up to CA$1 million for individuals and CA$10 million for businesses per violation. CASL also includes provisions for private rights of action, although they are currently suspended.

## Practical Tips for Email Marketers

- **Use explicit opt-in.** In the EU and Canada, consent must be explicit and freely given. Use unchecked boxes or clear affirmative actions. In the U.S., opt-in is not mandatory under CAN-SPAM, but still recommended to reduce spam complaints and meet international expectations.


<Img
img="/api/uploads/consent_to_emails_bb04436ab4.png"
alt="Subscribe to our newsletter"
/>

- **Separate different types of consent.** Do not bundle consent for marketing emails with acceptance of privacy policies or terms of service. For GDPR compliance, each purpose must have its own separate and specific consent.

- **Implement double opt-in.** Send a confirmation email after signup to verify intent. This reduces accidental subscriptions and gives you strong proof of consent, which is required in some jurisdictions (e.g., Germany under GDPR) and helpful under CASL.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/confirm_email_cedf18d11f.png"
alt="Confirmation email"
/>

- **Keep detailed consent records.** Store the time, date, IP address, and method of consent. Under GDPR and CASL, the sender bears the responsibility to prove that valid consent was obtained.

- **Make unsubscribing easy.** All marketing emails must contain a visible and functional unsubscribe mechanism. You must process opt-out requests without delay. This is a legal requirement under CAN-SPAM, GDPR, PECR, and CASL.

- **Clean your mailing list regularly.** Remove inactive addresses, bounced emails, and users who haven't interacted over time. This improves deliverability and minimizes complaints.

- **Do not buy or rent email lists.** Under GDPR and CASL, using third-party contact lists without direct, documented consent is illegal. Even in the U.S., this practice increases the risk of spam reports and reputational damage.

- **Secure personal data.** Use encrypted storage and restrict access to subscriber data. GDPR, CPRA, and other laws require you to take appropriate technical and organizational measures to protect personal information.

- **Stay informed about legal updates.** Privacy laws evolve. Monitor developments in regulations like CPRA, GDPR, CASL, and others. Adjust your forms, workflows, and internal policies as needed to remain compliant.

## Conclusion

As of 2025, email marketing continues to operate under well-established data privacy laws like the GDPR, CASL, and the CAN-SPAM Act. While the core regulations haven't changed significantly, the expectations for transparency, proper consent, and user control remain high. It's essential to manage how you collect and store consent, design clear and compliant signup forms, and provide users with an easy way to unsubscribe.

By following these best practices, you can run effective email campaigns, reduce legal risk, and build trust with your audience.

Learn how to collect email consent legally in 2025 under GDPR, CASL, CAN-SPAM, and CPRA — and build compliant, trust-based email marketing campaigns.

small_pixcraft-personal-data-emails.png

thumbnail_pixcraft-personal-data-emails.png

pixcraft-personal-data-emails.png

How to Properly Obtain Consent for Email Marketing in 2025

AMP in email newsletters is a way to add interactivity to an email: forms, carousels, content switching without going to a website. However, just like with regular HTML emails, there are specific rendering and behavior quirks that must be taken into account during coding and testing.

In this article, we explore 8 common problems that developers face when working with AMP emails — and show how to solve them in practice, with examples, code, and explanations.

## 1. AMP Carousel Issue in Gmail on iOS

When using the standard `<amp-carousel>` component in Gmail on iOS, an unpleasant bug occurs — when switching slides, the email scrolls sharply to the top. This issue has been known for a long time, but the behavior has not yet been fixed.

**Solution:** Avoid using `<amp-carousel>`, and instead simulate it using states (amp-bind). Below is a working example:

```html
<amp-state id="carouselState">
  <script type="application/json">
    {
        "index": 0
    }
  </script>
</amp-state>

<style amp-custom>
  .carousel-wrapper {
    position: relative;
    width: 450px;
    height: 300px;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .carousel-container {
    display: flex;
    transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out;
  }
  .slide-0 { transform: translateX(0%); }
  .slide-1 { transform: translateX(-100%); }
  .slide-2 { transform: translateX(-200%); }
  .carousel-slide {
    min-width: 100%;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
  }
</style>

<div class="carousel-wrapper">
  <div class="carousel-container" [class]="'carousel-container slide-' + carouselState.index">
    <amp-img src="https://amp.dev/static/inline-examples/images/image1.jpg" width="450" height="300" class="carousel-slide"></amp-img>
    <amp-img src="https://amp.dev/static/inline-examples/images/image2.jpg" width="450" height="300" class="carousel-slide"></amp-img>
    <amp-img src="https://amp.dev/static/inline-examples/images/image3.jpg" width="450" height="300" class="carousel-slide"></amp-img>
  </div>
</div>

<button on="tap:AMP.setState({carouselState: {index: (carouselState.index - 1 + 3) % 3}})">
  Previous
</button>

<button on="tap:AMP.setState({carouselState: {index: (carouselState.index + 1) % 3}})">
  Next
</button>
```

## 2. ESP Variables and AMP Templates (Syntax Conflict)

Many ESPs (email service providers) allow inserting personalization variables or conditional logic into email templates. Often, the syntax of these variables overlaps with the syntax used in AMP templates (amp-mustache), which also use double curly braces `{{ }}`. This leads to the ESP misinterpreting or corrupting the AMP template by treating it as its own variables. As a result, the email may break or fail to send altogether (if the ESP considers the template invalid).

**Solutions:**

[**Altcraft**](https://altcraft.com/): Altcraft templates also use curly braces, so to mark an AMP template, you need to add a `$` prefix. For example, instead of `{{success}}` you write `${{success}}`. The `$` prevents interpretation by the platform, and the resulting sent email will retain the clean `{{success}}` for AMP. This means Altcraft will pass through that segment, allowing AMP to process it client-side.

Example:



```<template type="amp-mustache">$\{\{success\}\}</template>``` — Altcraft will not modify the content inside ```$ {{ }}```, and when rendered, AMP will see the standard ```{{success}}```.
.

**Mailganer:** In Mailganer, special tags ```{% verbatim %} ... {% endverbatim %}``` are provided for such cases. Any code enclosed within ```{% verbatim %}``` will not be altered by the platform. Therefore, the AMP template can be wrapped in these tags.

**Example:**


```HTML
 <template type="amp-mustache">
  {% verbatim %}{{success}}{% endverbatim %}
</template>
```

## 3. Dark Mode Behavior in Different Clients

AMP emails in dark mode are displayed differently depending on the email client. In some cases, the email is recolored automatically, in others — it remains unchanged, and in some situations the developer can define custom styles.

**Let's break it down:**

**Gmail on Android.** Automatically recolors light-themed emails to dark.

**Gmail on iOS.** Does not recolor the email and does not allow customization.

**Yahoo.** Similar behavior to Gmail: auto-inversion on Android, email remains unchanged on iOS.


## 4. AMP Email Lifespan

The AMP content of an email is displayed only for 30 days. After that, the regular HTML version is shown. This is done to ensure the reliability of the AMP email, which often relies on server-side components that may stop working over time.

**Solutions:**

Even in AMP emails, it is important to pay attention to the quality and content of the HTML version. It is displayed to users whose email clients do not support AMP, as well as after 30 days when the AMP content expires. Therefore, the HTML version should include all key information and serve as a full alternative to the interactive AMP part.


## 5. Email Size Limit in Gmail

Gmail enforces two different limits on email size:

- HTML part: maximum 102 KB. If exceeded, the email is clipped and Gmail shows a "View entire message" link. This disrupts the layout and hides part of the content.

- **AMP part:** maximum 200 KB. If exceeded, the AMP version simply won’t be displayed — the user will see the HTML version instead.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/Message_clipped_d44aa01f90.png"
alt="Partial message shown"
/>


**Solutions:**

- **Minify your code.** Remove comments, whitespace, and duplicate styles. Use specialized tools (e.g., [**htmlminifier.com**](https://htmlminifier.com)).

- **Eliminate unnecessary elements.** Reduce tracking links, clean the template from unused elements and hidden blocks.

- **Optimize styles:** put shared styles in ```<style amp-custom>```, and use inline styles only when necessary.

## 6. Issues with AMP Email Analytics

AMP allows interaction with content directly within the email — for example, clicking buttons, filling out forms, or browsing carousels — without navigating to a website. Such actions are not captured by standard trackers, since JavaScript is not allowed inside AMP, and the ```<amp-analytics>``` component is not supported in AMP for email. As a result, clicks and events remain "invisible" to analytics systems like Google Analytics, Yandex.Metrica, and most ESPs.

**Solution:**

To implement such analytics, you can use services that support event tracking via tracking pixels. One reliable option is [**Pixcraft**](https://pixcraft.io), which provides an API for tracking AMP events through regular GET requests.


## Conclusion

When coding AMP emails, it’s important to consider how they behave across different email clients. Even major platforms like Gmail show variations in behavior: carousels may break in some places, states may be ignored in others.

Always test your emails in Gmail (web, Android, iOS), Yahoo. The key is not to rely on “if it works in one place, it works everywhere.” Take the time to test thoroughly, and the interactivity in your emails will work reliably, regardless of the platform.

This article covers eight challenges in coding AMP emails and practical solutions with examples and code.


small_amp-emails.png

thumbnail_amp-emails.png

amp-emails.png

Top 8 Nuances of Creating AMP Emails

Figma has received a major update with new tools for interface design, prototyping, and content work. The editor now includes drawing, responsive grids, AI-generated interfaces, and a site builder. New features support marketing and branded content management. All innovations are unified within a single environment—no need to switch between services.

In this overview, we’ll cover what exactly has changed and how to use it in your daily workflow.

## Figma Make

<Img
img="/api/uploads/figma_update_make_17ac1606c2.png"
alt="Figma Make"
/>

Figma Make turns a text description or an existing Figma frame into an interactive prototype with code. You can start from scratch by typing what you need—for example, "profile screen with avatar, button, and list"—and get a ready-made layout you can tweak. Or copy an existing frame into Make and ask AI to add logic: animations, transitions, interactivity. The result isn’t just a mockup, but actual working code—you can preview it, edit it, and even publish it as a mini app.

The tool is still in beta and somewhat unstable—results can be odd or overly simplistic. Right now, Figma Make is more of a way to quickly test ideas or throw together a quick prototype, not a replacement for full development. The community is intrigued but not overly excited: the potential is there, but it’s still rough around the edges. Still, the idea of generating prototypes from a description opens up time-saving opportunities, especially in early stages.

In addition to Make, Figma added other AI features directly into the editor. You can now autofill text—Figma will suggest context-aware options so you don’t have to copy placeholder content manually. There’s basic image editing using AI—for example, removing a background or improving quality without external services. And it all works with no extra setup: just select an object and start the content replacement.

These tools reduce routine work and speed up filling in mockups, especially when you need to quickly show a concept with semi-realistic content. Right now, they’re supplementary features, but over time, they’ll likely become standard in everyday use.

## Grid Auto Layout

<Img
img="/api/uploads/figma_update_grid_42f5ab67e5.png"
alt="Figma Grid Auto Layout"
/>

A new mode called Grid has been added to Auto Layout. Now you can build true two-dimensional grids—not just vertical or horizontal blocks. You can use columns, rows, cells, stretching, and responsiveness. Previously, complex layouts required nesting Auto Layouts or using hacks—now it all works directly, no workarounds needed.

In the settings, you can define the exact number of columns and rows, set their width or height, make them fixed or adaptive. Elements in the grid can span multiple cells, be moved with the mouse, and have margins adjusted. When the parent frame is resized, the grid adapts automatically. It’s great for cards, tables, galleries, and any complex UI that used to be built manually.

Grid is something Figma has long lacked to make mockups closer to real HTML/CSS layout. Everything a designer configures in the grid is now shown in Dev Mode as CSS Grid, with the correct parameters. Developers immediately see the structure and can use the code without “translating” from design-speak. This reduces questions and fixes during handoff—everyone understands the logic and behavior of the interface.

## Figma Draw

<Img
img="/api/uploads/figma_update_draw_fc0128b6a6.png"
alt="Figma Draw"
/>

Figma Draw is a new mode for drawing directly within Figma. Previously, if you needed to illustrate something—an icon or a complex shape—you had to switch to Illustrator or another vector tool. Now you don’t: Figma includes full tools for freehand drawing and working with vector graphics.

There’s a brush for freehand drawing—your strokes remain vector, editable and adjustable. You can choose from different brush styles or create your own. You can also erase parts of lines with the brush, which previously required editing nodes. The settings panel is more convenient—parameters like thickness, opacity, and smoothing are now easily adjustable. You can also select and edit multiple curves at once.

In addition to the brush, other useful tools have been added:

 - Text on a path—for logos or decorative text;
 - Pattern fills—for textures or backgrounds;
 - Dynamic strokes—with slight “wobble” for a hand-drawn feel;
 - Noise and texture effects—to simulate material or a vintage look.

All of this used to require external tools and importing into Figma. Now, it’s built in, which simplifies things if you need interface graphics or quick sketches.

## Figma Sites

<Img
img="/api/uploads/figma_update_sites_ecb64781ae.png"
alt="Figma Sites"
/>

Figma Sites is a built-in tool for creating websites directly in Figma. You can take a design frame, move it to a separate project, and turn it into a basic web page. No coding, no waiting for developers—just configure responsiveness, add transitions or effects, and publish. The beta includes about 50 templates and a set of prebuilt blocks, plus you can use styles and components from your design system.

Sites support breakpoints—you can adjust layouts for mobile, tablet, and desktop. Basic visual effects are available: parallax, smooth animations, marquee, hover states. Everything is edited right in the UI, like any visual editor. Custom code support is promised in the future—for unique logic or behavior not included by default.

Sites are published with one click, and you can connect your own domain. During beta, hosting is free.

Figma Sites isn’t a replacement for full web development—it’s a solution for simpler needs. For example, a product landing page, a campaign microsite, or a quick presentation site—without the overhead of developer handoff. Marketing and content teams can work faster without pulling in engineers.

Initial reactions were mixed. Some hoped for a true Webflow competitor and were disappointed—fewer features, simpler templates, less-than-perfect code. But even critics admit: for standard in-house tasks, it’s more than enough—especially where speed is critical and frontend resources are limited.

There are plans for development—for example, [**a built-in CMS is promised**](https://www.figma.com/blog/config-2025-recap/). If Figma continues to improve Sites, it could take a solid place among no-code tools.

## Figma Buzz

<Img
img="/api/uploads/figma_update_buzz_aaf9bd3e83.png"
alt="Figma Buzz"
/>

Figma Buzz is a new tool for those who create content but aren’t directly involved in design. It’s useful for marketers, managers, or editors who need to quickly produce banners, posts, and other materials without breaking brand guidelines. Instead of constantly asking a designer to recreate assets, you can take a template and make your own versions.

Here’s how it works: a designer creates templates—like a social media post or website banner—and defines what can be changed and what can’t (e.g., text and image are editable, but fonts and colors are locked). Then, anyone on the team can use the template to create a needed layout.

The killer feature: mass content generation from a spreadsheet. You can upload a list of texts and images (e.g., from Google Sheets), and Buzz will generate all possible combinations. It’s handy for campaigns that need multiple versions of the same banner with different products, promos, or languages. The content is immediately ready to download.

There are built-in AI features too. For example, remove an image background, generate missing illustrations, or rewrite text if it doesn’t fit. These little tools save time and eliminate extra app-switching.

Designers benefit too—they won’t have to waste time on repetitive edits, and the team still works within the brand guide. You can lock key template elements to prevent people from making off-brand changes. And if someone does want to experiment—you can always revert to the original.

## Conclusion

Figma is gradually evolving from just an editor into a productive workspace for the whole team—from design to product launch. New features like Make, Sites, Draw, and Buzz simplify workflows, reduce manual effort, and help move from idea to result faster. Not everything is perfect, but the overall direction is right.

If you use Figma, [**check out our page**](https://www.figma.com/@pixcraft). We share lots of useful resources and tools for designers.


Overview of Figma 2025 updates: New tools for design, prototypes, websites, and content — all in one place. What’s been added and how to use it.

small_figma-updates-main.png

thumbnail_figma-updates-main.png

figma-updates-main.png

Figma Updates at Config 2025: A Detailed Overview

Email marketing continues to evolve, offering new ways to interact directly with audiences. Static emails no longer meet users’ expectations — they want interactive, personalized content that allows them to take action without leaving their inbox.  

AMP technology for email unlocks new possibilities by integrating dynamic elements and feedback forms directly into emails. [**In a previous article**](https://pixcraft.io/blog/using-the-amp-list-component-in-email-campaigns), we covered the basics of working with AMP-list in email campaigns. In this article, we’ll focus on the **AMP-form** component — a key tool for creating forms inside emails. It enables real-time user interactions such as collecting data, confirming actions, and building fully functional in-email experiences. We'll explore how to use AMP-form effectively in email marketing and how to integrate it with Pixcraft.

## What is AMP-form

AMP-form is an AMP component that allows you to create forms directly inside an email, without needing to redirect the user to another page. With it, you can add to your email:

- Event registration.
- Feedback collection.
- Newsletter subscription.
- In-email surveys.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_message_9b3d2277a4.png"
alt="Example of AMP in email"
src="An example of a form in an email created with AMP-form"
/>

### AMP-form Syntax

The markup for a basic AMP form looks like this:

```HTML
<form method="post" action-xhr="https://example.com/submit">
<input type="text" name="name" placeholder="Your name" required>
<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Your email" required>
 	<button type="submit">Submit</button>
 <div submit-success>
<template type="amp-mustache">
Thank you for your submission, {{name}}!
</template>
  </div>
  <div submit-error>
Error: please try again.
  </div>
</form>
```

The main attributes here are:

- **action-xhr**: specifies the URL for submitting the form data;  
- **div submit-success**: element displayed upon successful form submission;  
- **div submit-error**: element displayed if there is an error during form submission;  

For dynamic response rendering, [**amp-mustache**](https://amp.dev/documentation/components/email/amp-mustache) is used.

## Form Usage Examples

### Event and Webinar Registration

With AMP-form, you can create a registration form that appears directly in the email. The user enters their name and organization, clicks the Register button, and their data is instantly sent to the organizer’s server.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_8e63f91f35.png"
alt="AMP in email"
/>

### Surveys and Feedback Collection

You can embed a form with one or more questions directly in the email to instantly collect feedback, NPS, or suggestions. This form can be styled as a text input field or as a star rating scale.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_feedback_25841845f5.gif"
alt="AMP email"
/>

### Booking Meetings and Consultations

With AMP-form, a client can select a date and exact time for a meeting, as well as leave their contact information — all directly within the email.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_booking_0305ae3ba8.png"
alt="Booking in an AMP email"
/>

### Placing Orders and Requests

The email recipient can place a product order or request a service without leaving the email or visiting a website.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/web_form_order_e052b2b061.gif"
alt="Order form in email"
/>

### Expanding Communication Channels
If your client already receives notifications via email, you can also subscribe them to other channels, such as SMS.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_phone_number_6_35773b5c67.png"
alt="Phone number in email"
/>

### Collecting Additional Information

Forms can be used to collect any marketing-relevant information about the user — for example, their clothing size, pet details, area of work, and more. This data can later be used for personalized newsletters and offers.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_example_1fb11c0a1e.png"
alt="Collecting additional information"
/>

## Implementation in Pixcraft

You can quickly create and configure an AMP form using the [**Pixcraft visual builder**](https://pixcraft.io). To do this, go to the **AMP Components** section on the main page of the platform and click **Create AMP-form**.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_pixcraft_1_229db4e6d2.png"
alt="Creating an AMP form"
/>

Give your form a name and add a description. If needed, choose a form template, such as a rating scale or a simple form with text fields. You can later add more components to the template.

Next, add and arrange the **form elements** in the desired order. The following elements are available:  

**Input** — single-line text input field;  
**Checkbox** — checkboxes for selecting multiple options;  
**Radio** — radio buttons for selecting a single option;  
**Textarea** — multi-line text input field;  
**Select** – dropdown list for choosing a single option from the available ones;  

You can also add a success message that will appear after the form is submitted.

For text fields, you can configure validation options:  

**Not Validate** — do not validate the value;  
**Required** — field is required;  
**Equal to value** — field content must exactly match a specific value (to be entered in the prompt field);  
**Phone** — validates the number of numeric characters; the required count should be set in the additional validation field;  
**Email** — the entered value must match the email address format.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_pixcraft_2_cd61786065.png"
alt="Element label"
/>

By default, form data is stored in Pixcraft, but if you need to send it to an external service or database, you can add a **Webhook** URL. To do this, enter the redirect URL in the corresponding field, and Pixcraft will start sending **POST requests** to the specified address. The request includes the following parameters:

| Parameter   | Type                                           | Example                             | Description                                                                                      |
|-------------|------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| componentId | Number                                         | 123                                 | ID of the component in Pixcraft.                                                                  |
| campaignId  | Number                                         | 124                                 | ID of the campaign the component belongs to. Can be left empty if the component is not linked to any campaign.                                 |
| email       | String                                         | test@test.com                       | Email address of the subscriber who submitted the form.                                           |
| date        | UNIX date                                      | 1648553051                          | Time when the event occurred.                                                                     |
| owner       | Number                                         | 125                                 | ID of the form owner in Pixcraft.                                                                 |
| data        | Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded | {"field0": "testInput", "field1": "radio1", "field2": "checkbox2", "success": "success"} | Form data.                                                                |

For more information on creating a form and configuring a webhook, see the [**Pixcraft documentation**](https://docs.pixcraft.io/en/amp/components/form.html).

The form is ready. Copy the generated code and paste it into your email template.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_pixcraft_3_bf61c08e30.png"
alt="AMP Form"
/>

After saving, the form will be available in the **Components** section.


<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_pixcraft_4_d72cc9bd46.png"
alt="AMP Form"
/>

The data collected through the forms will be stored in Pixcraft. In the **Statistics** section, you will find information about all interactions with the form.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_events_5_48aed250ab.png"
alt="Events: AMP analytics"
/>

This information can be exported as a **CSV file** or uploaded to **Google Sheets**.
### Zapier integration
Form data can be automatically sent to external services using webhooks and tools like Zapier. This enables seamless integration of emails with any service without writing additional code or complex programming.
To begin, click **Create Zap** in the left-hand menu.

In the **Trigger** field, select **Webhook**. On the right, in the menu that appears, choose **Event — Catch Hook**.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_zapier_1_d79602fdc2.png"
alt="Zapier webhooks"
/>

Click **Continue** here and in the Trigger section that follows.
The service will generate a webhook URL, which must be specified in the form settings in Pixcraft.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_zapier_2_087c033c2b.png"
alt="Enter webhook: Zapier"
/>

Paste the URL and click **Save.**
Return to Zapier and click **Test Trigger**. Now you need to submit the form to trigger the request.

To do this, insert the form code into your email or use Google’s AMP playground.
After submitting the form, go back to Zapier, click **Test Trigger**, and you’ll see a list of received fields.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_zapier_3_02aabcd5fe.png"
alt="Test trigger"
/>

Click **Continue with selected record**.

Next, decide what to do with the received data: send it to an ESP, CDP, CRM, etc. — select any integration from the list. For example, to send the data to **Pipedrive**, select **Pipedrive** in the **Action** field.

For **Event**, choose **Create Person**. Click **Continue**, then add or select your Pipedrive account.
In the **Action section**, map the submitted fields accordingly.

<Img
img="/api/uploads/amp_form_zapier_4_a9e19a9d1a.png"
alt="Pipedrive"
/>

Click **Continue**, then **Test step**.
Finally, just publish the integration by clicking **Publish**.

## Conclusion

By using AMP forms, you save your clients time — they don’t need to open a browser or wait for a separate page to load. This greatly simplifies data collection and significantly boosts audience loyalty and engagement.

And if you're creating forms with the [**Pixcraft visual builder**](https://pixcraft.io/builder), you won’t have to deal with the specifics of AMP-form syntax. Instead, you can spend that time crafting more creative marketing campaigns for your company.

Learn how to use AMP-form in email marketing to create interactive emails with forms, feedback collection, and data gathering — all within the email client.


small_amp-form.png

thumbnail_amp-form.png

amp-form.png

How to Create and Use Forms in Email

Why do some emails immediately grab attention while others get ignored? It’s not just about the content and images — the visual presentation of your text plays a major role.

Typography isn’t just about picking beautiful fonts — it’s an entire approach to presenting text visually. The way you use fonts to emphasize certain parts directly affects how your email is perceived and how effective it is.

In this article, we’ll explore which fonts are best for emails, how to choose them, and how to avoid common mistakes that can cost you your readers' attention.

## Types of Fonts for Email

**Sans-serif fonts** — like Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, and Tahoma — appear modern, neutral, and are easy to read on all kinds of screens. Their biggest strengths are readability and versatility. These fonts are ideal for business emails, newsletters, and any communication that prioritizes clarity and accessibility. For body text, Verdana or the more neutral Arial are especially recommended.

<Img  
img="/api/uploads/typography_example_2e8fd02dce.png"  
alt="Example of an email using popular fonts"  
src="The body uses a standard sans-serif font — Arial"  
/>

**Serif fonts**, like Georgia and Times New Roman, give off a more formal, classic vibe. Serifs add a sense of seriousness to the text, which is helpful in official communications or projects where a traditional brand image is key. However, be aware that serif fonts can reduce readability on small screens.

<Img  
img="/api/uploads/typography_times_new_roman_b96b907936.png"  
alt="Email example with elegant fonts"  
src="The body uses a serif font that resembles Georgia or Times New Roman"  
/>

**Script fonts** like Pacifico, Dancing Script, or Lobster bring a casual, emotional feel to emails. They create a sense of personal connection and can boost engagement. That said, script fonts can significantly reduce readability in longer texts, so use them sparingly — only for small accents like headings or short inserts. They are not suitable for body text.

<Img  
img="/api/uploads/typography_script_font_5_11zon_92d657bfd6.jpg"  
alt="Email with a script font"  
src="This email uses a modern serif (like Canela) and an elegant script font (like Bickham Script Pro)"  
/>

**Decorative fonts** (e.g., Impact, Comic Sans, or custom branded typefaces) are designed to attract attention through their unique appearance. They may be suitable for banners, holiday headers, or special promos. But for business emails or long texts, they’re a no-go: they quickly become hard on the eyes and make the content harder to absorb.

<Img  
img="/api/uploads/typography_decorative_font_7758031037.png"  
alt="Decorative font example"  
src="A decorative font is used in the header"  
/>

### Standard vs. Custom Fonts

**Standard (web-safe) fonts** are fonts that come pre-installed on most major operating systems: Windows, macOS, Android, iOS. These fonts render correctly across nearly all email clients without any special setup. Common web-safe fonts include Arial, Verdana, Tahoma, Times New Roman, and Georgia. They guarantee consistent appearance, fast loading, and minimal risk of display issues.

**Custom fonts**, on the other hand, require special inclusion using @font-face or services like Google Fonts. Support for these fonts is extremely limited — they only work reliably in Apple Mail (iOS and macOS) and some versions of Outlook for Mac. In most other cases (e.g., Gmail, Outlook on Windows, mobile apps), the custom font gets replaced by a fallback. This not only breaks the intended design but can also mess up layout.

Using custom fonts in email is only justified in rare cases when you know exactly what email clients your audience is using.  


**@font-face** is practically useless in email design today — with support in [**less than 20% of clients**](https://www.caniemail.com/features/css-at-font-face/), it’s not a viable option. If you try to use a custom font without a fallback, your email may look broken.

The only truly reliable solution is to stick to web-safe fonts. They ensure fast loading, consistent display, and meet the basic UX standards for email design.

There’s one important exception: if you’re using an image (like a banner), you can use any font you want — since it’s a picture, not live text, it will render correctly. This is a good way to preserve brand style, but keep in mind that if the recipient has images turned off, that part won’t load.

### How to Combine Fonts

Using more than two fonts in a single email is not recommended. The ideal combo: one font for the body text and one for headers. For example:

- Georgia for headers and Verdana for body text — gives a classic touch.
- Arial for headers and Times New Roman for body — formal, professional look.
- Trebuchet MS for headers and Arial for text — clean, modern, and very readable.

## Font Size, Line Height, and Contrast: Key Rules for Readable Emails

**Header size** should be much larger than body text. Go for 28–36 px for main headers and 18–24 px for subheaders. This creates clear visual hierarchy and helps guide the reader’s attention.

<Img  
img="/api/uploads/typography_font_size_d67ec48fb6.png"  
alt="Header size in an email"  
src="The headline email appears to be set at approximately 32–36 px"  
/>

**The ideal font size for body text is 16 px.** It’s readable on both desktop and mobile. Anything smaller hurts readability and risks being skipped over.

**Line height** is just as important. Even if your font size is correct, cramped lines are hard to read. A line height of 1.4–1.6 times the font size works best. For 16 px font, use around 22–24 px for line spacing. This makes the text breathe, improves readability, and reduces eye strain.

<Img  
img="/api/uploads/typography_line_height_5cab8d6539.png"  
alt="Font names and line spacing"  
src="Line-height about 1.4–1.5"  
/>

**Text and background contrast** is essential for readability. Low contrast makes text hard to follow and easy to ignore. Dark text on a light background — black on white or dark gray on light gray — is the safest bet. Avoid low-contrast color combos and thin, light-colored fonts on bright backgrounds.

Practical tip: Your email text should be easy to read even when someone scrolls quickly on their phone. Always test readability on different screen sizes before sending.

## Other Details That Make a Big Difference

Good typography isn’t just about fonts and spacing. These basics also have a big impact on the look and feel of your email — even if you don’t notice them right away.

- **Awkward line breaks for short words.** While English typography doesn't strictly forbid prepositions or conjunctions at the end of a line, breaking after very short words like “a,” “an,” “in,” or “to” can look unbalanced. If you’re coding your emails manually, consider using non-breaking spaces to keep these words together with the next one. Tools like [**Pixcraft**](https://pixcraft.io) and the [**TJML framework**](https://pixcraft.io/en/framework) help automate this for a cleaner, more polished layout.
- **Digit grouping.** Large numbers like 10,000 or 1,200,000 should always include commas — it makes them easier to read.
- **Punctuation**. A hyphen (-) is not the same as an em dash (—). Use the em dash for pauses and emphasis. And for quotation marks, American English uses “curly quotes.”
- **Text alignment**. Keep text, buttons, and images consistently aligned — ideally to the left. Don’t justify text — it creates awkward gaps between words and makes it harder to read.
- **Text color**. Your main text should be a neutral dark tone — black or dark gray on a light background. For headers or highlights, one or two accent colors are okay, but avoid going overboard. Too much color clutters the layout.
- **Text emphasis**. Bold and italic are great for short emphasis — like promo codes or important points. But use them sparingly. If everything is bold, nothing stands out.

## Final Recommendations


- **No more than two fonts.** One for headings and one for body text. Any more than that makes the email look cluttered.
- **Font size should be 14–16 px.** Anything smaller becomes hard to read, especially on mobile devices.
- **Let the text breathe.** Use a line height of 1.4–1.6. This keeps lines from crowding together and makes the content easier to read.
- **Dark text on a light background.** The most reliable option is black or dark gray on white. Complex color combinations reduce readability.
- **Don’t use text as images.** These emails can’t be read by screen readers and may not load properly.

How to choose the right font, size, and spacing for your emails to improve readability, keep attention, and increase conversion rates.


Blog